Scale

Numbers build through the warm months, October to April, with crawlers most active in spring.

Scale are sap-sucking insects that hide under a waxy or shell-like cover stuck fast to stems and leaves. They weaken citrus and many fruiting plants and drip honeydew that feeds black sooty mould, so heavy infestations look grimy and grow poorly.

How to identify

• Small brown, grey or white bumps along stems and leaf veins that do not brush off easily
• Sticky honeydew and black sooty mould on leaves below
• Yellowing leaves and dieback on heavily infested branches
• Ants travelling up the trunk to harvest honeydew

How to prevent

• Inspect new plants carefully before bringing them home
• Prune to open up congested growth so air and predators reach inner branches
• Avoid over-fertilising with nitrogen, which fuels the soft growth scale prefer
• Keep ants off plants with a sticky barrier so predators can do their job

How to control organically

• Rub off light infestations by hand or with an old toothbrush
• Spray neem oil or conqueror oil to smother scale, coating stems and leaf undersides thoroughly
• Repeat the oil spray after 2 to 3 weeks to catch newly hatched crawlers
• Spray oil only in mild weather under 30 degrees to avoid leaf burn
• Protect and encourage natural predators like ladybirds and tiny parasitic wasps
• Prune out and bin badly infested branches